Daniel Defoe's famous novel 'Robinson Crusoe' is a very famous adventure novel.
It uses first person narration. Crusoe tells his own story. His parents wanted to study him law but unwilling Crusoe decided to go on sea voyage. But unfortunately he faced terrible storm and his ship wrecks. He was only surviver on one unknown island.
He searches the wrecked ship and collects some useful items and bring them on island. He makes house also. Soon he find that he is not alone, because he found one footprint. He saw some cannibals, who were doing the rituals of human sacrifice. Crusoe saved one's life and that person feel thankful to Crusoe and voluntarily accept Crusoe as his master and do the things for Crusoe. Crusoe teaches Friday English and soon they become best friends.
When the cannibals come to the island again, Friday and Crusoe rescue two of their prisoners, a Spaniard called Christianus and a man from Friday’s island, who is in fact Friday’s father. They all work to send an expedition to Friday’s land to bring back the sixteen white men who have been shipwrecked there. But before Christianus and the man can return, an English ship arrives. Once again, all is not plain sailing, as the ship is under the command of mutineers and a battle ensues in which Crusoe and Friday help the lawful captain to regain
command.
Crusoe finally sails from the island. Five of the mutineers are left behind and Crusoe tells them about his garden and his animals and leaves them a letter for Christianus. He forgets the money he collected from two sunken ships, and finally reaches England thirty-
five years after he first left home. Good and bad news awaits him. His plantation in Brazil has thrived and he is a wealthy man. But his parents are dead. He helps the remaining members of his family and later marries and lives in London with his wife and three children. When his wife dies, Crusoe is tempted to go back to sea again.
He eventually returns to his old island, where he finds that the mutineers and the original sixteen white men have
now become a complete colony, with men and women from Spanish America. Crusoe stays on the island for three weeks. He gives the colony things from his ship and sends more from his home in Brazil. He even thinks about returning to live on the island again one day.
By writing this novel maybe Defoe want to convey the message that whole the world is like an island. And there are white mans like Crusoe, and also black mans like Friday. As Crusoe and Friday lived together, all peoples should live together. There should not master slave relationship, than the world becomes better. So, this novel satires British colonial ideas.
'The Old Woman' is simple and short poem by Joseph Campbell where he compares old woman with different things and describes her. The poem has three stanzas. .In the first stanza , the poet compares the old lady with the white candle. White colour is symbol of peace and candle is symbol of light. The old woman is like white candle. She is in peace and she gives other people light by his experiences. She is able to show right path who need that. In the second stanza, the poet compares the old lady with the spent radiance of the winter's sun. It refers old woman's long life. But now she is old like winter's sun, but she has gathered a wide experience of life. Poet writes, "A woman with her travail done" In last stanza, the poet compares the old woman with the water under the ruined mill. The water is still under the ruined mill and by comparing this poet writes about the old lady that her all sons has gone, they do not live with her. But she has all the
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